Internally Displace Persons and Informal Citizenship
Sampang Shiites’ Struggle after Sectarian Violence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59001/pjrs.v1i1.25Keywords:
Sampang Shiites, Sectarian Violence, Informal Citizenship , Internally Displace PersonsAbstract
After a sectarian attack on the Shia community in Sampang, Indonesia, they live in refugee camps. Even though the refugees have now returned, the reconciliation efforts took quite a long time. The Shia community had to live in refugee camps for about ten years. This paper argues that the clientelistic structure is the main obstacle to repatriation. Amid social and economic marginalization and the limited role of the government in fulfilling their basic rights in the refugee camps, the Shia of Sampang can still hold on to fulfill their citizenship and hope to return home through informal networks and mechanisms. This article shows that although with the help of various parties, the Sampang Shia community can gradually gain legal status, political participation, and (limited) economic rights as citizens, it is still difficult for them to regain their membership in Sampang socially and culturally.
References
Afdillah, M. (2016). Dari Masjid ke Panggung Politik: Melacak Akar-akar Kekerasan Agama Antara Komunitas Sunni and Syiah di Sampang, Jawa Timur. Yogyakarta: CRCS UGM.
Al-Milal, I. (2015, November 1). Interview With Sampang Syi'ah Leader.
Center for Marginalized Communities Studies. (2012). Newsletter n Religious Freedom, edisi 16 January 2012.
_________, (2013) Quod Revelatum: Pledoi Ust. Tajul Muluk Demi Mengungkap Kebohongan Fakta, Surabaya, 2013.
_________,(2011) Syahadah: Newsletter n Religious Freedom, 13th edition, October 2011.
Berenschot, W., & van Klinken, G. (2018). Informality and citizenship: The everyday state in Indonesia. Citizenship Studies, 22(2), 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1445494
Dhyatmika, B. W. (2013, July 27). Wawancara Menteri Agama soal Syiah di Sampang-Nasional Tempo.co. Tempo.Co. Retrieved from https://nasional.tempo.co/read/500167/wawancara-menteri-agama-soal-syiah-di-sampang
Faizal, A. (2017, March 18). Tak Punya Solusi, Menag Pasrahkan Nasib Pengungsi Syiah ke Pemda. KOMPAS.com. Retrieved from https://regional.kompas.com/read/xml/2017/03/18/21300761/tak.punya.solusi.menag.pasrahkan.nasib.pengungsi.syiah.ke.pemda
MUI, M. U. I. (2012). Keputusan Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) Provinsi Jawa Timur No. Kep-01/SKF-MUI/JTM/2012 tentang Kesesatan Ajaran Syiah. MUI Jawa Timur.
Muluk, T. (2017). Lima Tahun Terusir dari Kampung Sendiri [Press Release]. Jakarta: Asian Muslim Action Network (AMAN) Indonesia.
Panggabean, R., & Fauzi, I. A. (2015). Policing Religious Conflict in Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Studi Agama and Demokrasi.
Semendawai, A. H., Yentriyani, A., Fayumi, B., Muhammad, KH. H., Masruchah, Rahmat, M. I., … Susilaningtias. (2013). Laporan Tim Temuan Rekomendasi (TTR) tentang Penyerangan terhadap Penganut Syiah di Sampang, Madura. Jakarta: Komnas HAM, Komnas Perempuan, KPA and LPSK.
Soedirgo, J. (2018). Informal networks and religious intolerance: How clientelism incentivizes the discrimination of the Ahmadiyah in Indonesia. Citizenship Studies, 22(2), 191-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1445490
Stokke, K. (2017). Politics of citizenship: Towards an analytical framework. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 71(4), 193-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2017.1369454
