Epistemological Foundations of Islamic Inheritance Law

A Comparative Study of the Hanafi and Ja'fari Schools

Authors

  • Aditya Setiawan Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Malang, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59001/pjls.v5i1.1004

Keywords:

epistemology, Hanafi school, Islamic inheritance law, Ja'fari school, legal pluralism

Abstract

This study examines how competing epistemological conceptions of legal authority shape the normative construction of inheritance law in the Hanafi and Ja'fari schools of Islamic jurisprudence. Although comparative studies of Islamic inheritance law have expanded considerably, the epistemological foundations underlying doctrinal divergence between the two traditions remain insufficiently explored. Employing a normative legal method with a conceptual-comparative approach based on authoritative fiqh literature, the study demonstrates that differences in heir classification, inheritance distribution, and women's property rights derive from fundamentally different conceptions of legal authority, particularly regarding the status of the Imams' traditions within Ja'fari jurisprudence. Despite these doctrinal divergences, both schools share fundamental normative commitments, including recognition of the Qur'an as the primary legal source, the legal effect of religious difference as an impediment to inheritance, and the requirement of the decedent's death as a prerequisite for succession. By explaining doctrinal divergence through its epistemological foundations rather than merely describing technical differences, this study contributes to comparative fiqh scholarship, advances discussions on legal pluralism in Islamic jurisprudence, and provides a conceptual basis for the development of more inclusive Islamic family law.

Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana perbedaan konsepsi epistemologis mengenai sumber dan otoritas hukum membentuk konstruksi normatif hukum waris Islam dalam mazhab Hanafi dan Ja'fari. Meskipun kajian perbandingan hukum waris Islam telah berkembang, landasan epistemologis yang melahirkan perbedaan doktrinal antara kedua mazhab tersebut masih relatif kurang mendapat perhatian. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual-komparatif melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap sumber-sumber fiqh yang otoritatif dari kedua tradisi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan dalam klasifikasi ahli waris, mekanisme pembagian warisan, dan kedudukan hak perempuan merupakan konsekuensi dari perbedaan mendasar mengenai sumber dan otoritas hukum, khususnya terkait kedudukan tradisi para Imam Ma'sum dalam fiqh Ja'fari. Mazhab Hanafi membangun sistem kewarisannya berdasarkan hierarki ashhabul furudh, ashabah, dan dzawil arham, dengan mengakui mekanisme ta'sib dan 'awl, sedangkan mazhab Ja'fari menerapkan sistem thabaqat yang menolak ta'sib dan 'awl, membatasi hak istri atas harta tidak bergerak, serta menerapkan radd secara proporsional kepada seluruh ahli waris yang berhak. Meskipun demikian, kedua mazhab tetap memiliki landasan normatif yang sama, yaitu mengakui Al-Qur'an sebagai sumber hukum utama, menganggap perbedaan agama sebagai penghalang kewarisan, serta mensyaratkan kematian pewaris sebagai prasyarat terjadinya pewarisan. Dengan menjelaskan perbedaan doktrinal melalui fondasi epistemologisnya, penelitian ini memperkaya kajian fiqh komparatif, memperluas diskursus mengenai pluralisme hukum dalam yurisprudensi Islam, serta menyediakan kerangka konseptual bagi pengembangan hukum keluarga Islam yang lebih inklusif.

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Published

03-07-2026

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